What are microorganisms that can form a thick wall around themselves to survive in adverse conditions called?

Microorganisms that can form a thick wall around themselves to survive in adverse conditions are referred to as spores. This process is a survival mechanism that allows certain bacteria to endure extreme environmental stresses, such as heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation. When conditions become unfavorable, these bacteria can initiate sporulation, forming a protective layer that can remain dormant for extended periods. Once the environment becomes suitable again, the spores can germinate and reactivate the bacterium.

Cells, while a fundamental unit of life, do not specifically refer to those with the ability to form protective walls. Bacteria are the broader category of microorganisms, and although some bacteria can form spores, not all have this capability. Viruses, on the other hand, are not capable of forming spores; they rely on host cells for replication and cannot survive independently in the way that spore-forming bacteria can. Thus, spores are the correct term for microorganisms that utilize this protective mechanism to withstand harsh conditions.